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МИЛИЦА КРИЖАНАЦ
археолог, Шафхаузен (Schaffhausen), Швајцарска
ДУШАН МРКОБРАД
археолог, Универзитет у Београду, Филозофски факултет–Археолошка збирка

КАСНОАНТИЧКО И РАНОВИЗАНТИЈСКО СТАКЛО СА ГРАДИНЕ У ПОСТЕЊУ
LATE ANTIQUE AND EARLY BYZANTINE GLASS FROM GRADINA IN POSTENJE

Зборник 8/2012 (Музеј примењене уметности), страна 7-22

УДК:
904:748”652”(497.11); 904:748”653”(497.11)
ИД 195687180

Апстракт:
На Градини у Постењу, у оквиру утврђеног насеља је нађено око 260 уломака касноантичког и рановизантијског стакла, од тога око 100 посуда, а остало су делови прозорских окана и украсних предмета. Код већег броја фрагмената стакла видљиви су мехурићи, понекад веома густи, а на површини је често слој иридације.

Од посуда су углавном сачувани мали и појединачни делови, тако да ниједна посуда није сачувана у потпуности. Најбројније су зделе и пехари, док су уломци боца, односно, крчага као и лампи нађени у мањем броју. Посуде су највећим делом начињене слободним дувањем стакла, а само у два случаја украс је добијен дувањем у калуп. Највећи број начињен је од зеленог, односно маслинастозеленог (око 50%) и безбојног (око 32%) стакла, а поједини и од жућкастог, белог и плавичастог стакла. Стаклене посуде су углавном биле неукрашене, а постојећа декорација, сачувана на само неколико фрагмената, састојала се од урезаних линија, аплицираних капи или нити и рељефних ребара.

Од укупног броја нађених уломака стакла на Градини у Постењу више од половине чине делови прозорских окана (око 60%). Они су најчешће налажени појединачно, мада је у неколико случајева већи број (највише 15 фрагмената), од једног окна, био сконцентрисан на истом месту. Већином су начињени од безбојног (око 43%), белог (18%) и зеленог стакла (15%), док се фрагменти плавог и жутог прозорског стакла јављају у мањем броју.

Од украсних предмета од стакла нађена су само два, уложак од зеленог и перла од црног стакла.

Кључне речи:
Градина у Постењу, касноантичко и рановизантијско стакло (зделе, пехари, боце, лампе), окна, украсни предмети

Summary:
Late Antiquity and afterwards Early Byzantine fortress Gradina in the village of Postenje (fig. 1:1-3) was built on the northern slopes of Rogozina Mountain (c. 780 metres altitude) in South-West Serbia. Found within the fortress and surrounded by a wall were about thirty objects, the oldest dating from the 3^rd century. The settlement was destroyed at the end of the 6^th or the beginning of the 7^th century. The majority of glass finds from Gradina in the village of Postenje, as well as other moveable archeological material, originate from the objects made during the 6^th century, the time of Justinian's reconstruction of the fortress. Window pane fragments were found both in churches and in profane objects. Out of a total of about 100 fragments of glass vessels, the largest number is the parts of bowls and goblets from which is distinguished the many different types. The smaller number is the fragments of bottles and lamps. Although the highest number of glass fragments is found to belong to the period of the Emperor Justinian I, some vessels could have been in use even before the 6^th century. Over a longer period of time, during Late Antiquity (4^th – beginning of 5^th century), up to and including the Early Byzantine period (6^th century), hemispherical bowls with deeper receptacle (fig. 2:3-4), hemispherical beakers (fig. 3:1-4), conical goblets (fig. 3:5), stemmed goblets or lamps (fig. 3:6-8) and jugs (fig. 4:1-3) could have been used. All these vessels have similarities with the materials of this period, of the 4^th / 5^th century and the 6^th century. While hemispherical bowls and beakers are most common during the 4^th and early 5^th century, some have been found on some sites of the 6^th century. On the territory of Serbia, conical goblets are found in the 4th and the 4^th / 5^th century layer on all other sites except Gradina on Jelica where they were found in the 6^th century layer. In contrast, although a larger number of stemmed goblets or lamps was found on Early Byzantine sites in the 5^th / 6^th and the 6^th century layer, a smaller number dates from the 4^th century. On all other sites, except Early Byzantine fortress Gradina on Jelica, hemispherical bowls with shallow receptacle (fig. 2:1-2) date from the 4^th century. On the territory of Serbia, all conical receptacle lamps with hollow stem date exclusively from the 6^th century, Caricin grad being the site where the highest number of lamps with hollow stem was found. Apart from hemispherical lamps with deeper receptacle, on sites in Serbia there are no examples of lamps with shallow receptacle as those found in Gradina in Postenje. However, judging by the similar examples from the Black Sea, they also could have been used in the settlement during the 6^th century. Glass lamps have been found both in sacred and profane objects in Gradina in Postanje.

Judging by the high number of glass vessels in Gradina in Postanje that is present on a number of sites during the 4^th century and the beginning of the 5^th century, and in some of the 5^th and the 6^th century layers too, the continuity of life can be proven in Gradina in Postanje in the 5^th century, though this horizon has not been established yet on this site in architectural pre–building and restoration of objects. The limited number of vessels of a simple type and of a relatively uniform glass colour in Gradina in Postanje indicates local production. Though it has not been proven yet in the settlement itself, local production could have existed, as in some settlements of Late Antiquty – Mitrovica / Sirmium, Gamzigrad / Romuliana – or as in some Early Byzantine settlements (In Caricin grad, for example, a group of bricks are in situ in a circular or semi-circular shape, which might have been a part of a furnace; furthermore, fragments of a massive dome-shaped vessel that might have been part of a retort were also found, which could serve as proof for the existence of glass making. In Gornji Streoci on Kosovo the raw materials for glass making were found).

Gradina in Postanje is one of a large number of hillside settlements that have been identified on the territory of Serbia, but glass is found on and published about only a few. Although a relatively small number of glass vessel types have been found in Gradina in Postanje, similar types have been found in other Late Antiquity and Early Byzantine sites in Serbia and neighbouring countries (Bulgaria, Romania, Greece), where an assortment of similar glass vessels were used.